Some critics see these ideologies as examples of scientism and techno-utopianism and fear the notion of human enhancement and technological singularity which they help. Estimates for the date of this Singularity range, but outstanding futurist Ray Kurzweil estimates the Singularity will occur in 2045. Transhumanists typically imagine that the purpose of technology is to beat obstacles, and that what we generally refer Programming to because the human situation is just another barrier to be surpassed. Optimistic assumptions are made by proponents of ideologies corresponding to transhumanism and singularitarianism, which view technological improvement as typically having beneficial effects for the society and the human condition. In physics, the invention of nuclear fission has led to both nuclear weapons and nuclear power.

For medical functions of technology, see diagnosis; therapeutics; drug; medicine, historical past of; pharmaceutical industry. For treatment of the organization of technological methods, see automation; engineering; manufacturing system; systems engineering; …